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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 143(1): 120-123, ene. 2015. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-742561

ABSTRACT

We report a 37 years old male with a dermatomyositis treated with oral cyclophosphamide. He was admitted to the hospital due to a zone of skin necrosis with purulent exudate, located in the second left toe. A complete blood count showed a leukocyte count of 2,600 cells/mm³. A Chest CAT scan showed a pneumomediastinum with emphysema of adjacent soft tissue. Cyclophosphamide was discontinued and leukocyte count improved. The affected toe was amputated and a chest CAT scan showed a partial resolution of the pneumomediastinum. We discuss and review the pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management of pneumomediastinum and cutaneous necrosis in association with dermatomyositis.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Benzoxazines/therapeutic use , Cannabinoids/agonists , Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy , Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology , Morpholines/therapeutic use , Naphthalenes/therapeutic use , Neurons/drug effects , Oligodendroglia/drug effects , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism , Analysis of Variance , /metabolism , Caspase 9/metabolism , Cell Count/methods , Central Nervous System/pathology , Cytokines/genetics , Cytokines/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/complications , Macrophages/drug effects , Nerve Degeneration/etiology , Nerve Degeneration/prevention & control , Neurologic Examination , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism , Spinal Cord/drug effects , Spinal Cord/pathology , T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , Time Factors
2.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 69(2b): 377-383, 2011. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-588101

ABSTRACT

The use of cyclosporine (CsA) has shown to induce an increase in the density of oligodendrocytes near remyelinating areas following the injection of ethidium bromide (EB), a demyelinating agent, in the rat brainstem. This study was designed in order to evaluate if CsA has the capacity of increasing remyelination. In this context, a comparison between the final balance of myelin repair in CsA treated and non-treated rats was assessed using a semi-quantitative method developed for documenting the extent and nature of remyelination in gliotoxic lesions. Wistar rats were submitted to intracisternal injection of 10 microliters of 0.1 percent EB. Some were treated during 31 days with CsA (group III - 10 mg/kg/day by 7 days and, thereafter, 3 times a week, with a minimal interval of 48 hours) by intraperitonial route. Others were not treated with CsA (group I). A control group was planned receiving into the cisterna pontis 10 microliters of 0.9 percent saline solution and following after that the same CsA administration protocol (group II). Results clearly demonstrate that in vivo administration of CsA after EB-demyelinating lesions stimulated oligodendrocyte remyelination (mean remyelination scores of 3.72±0.25 for oligodendrocytes and 1.04±0.39 for Schwann cells) compared to non-treated animals (3.13±0.71 and 1.31±0.62, respectively), although the mechanisms by which this positive CsA effect occurs are unclear.


O uso de ciclosporina (CsA) mostrou induzir um aumento na densidade de oligodendrócitos próximos a áreas de remielinização após injeção de brometo de etídio (EB), um agente desmielinizante, no tronco encefálico de ratos. Este estudo foi desenvolvido a fim de avaliar se a CsA possui a capacidade de acelerar a remielinização. Neste contexto, foi feita uma comparação entre o balanço final de reparo mielínico em ratos tratados ou não com CsA usando-se um método semiquantitativo desenvolvido para documentação da extensão e natureza da remielinização em lesões gliotóxicas. Ratos Wistar foram submetidos à injeção intracisternal de EB a 0,1 por cento. Alguns foram tratados durante 31 dias com CsA (grupo III - 10 mg/kg/dia por 7 dias e, após, 3 vezes por semana, com um intervalo mínimo de 48 horas entre as aplicações) por via intraperitoneal. Outros não foram tratados com CsA (grupo I). Um grupo controle foi desenvolvido recebendo, na cisterna pontina, 10 microlitros de solução salina e seguindo após o mesmo protocolo de administração de CsA (grupo II). Os resultados mostram claramente que a administração in vivo de CsA após lesões desmielinizantes induzidas pelo EB estimulou a remielinização por oligodendrócitos (escores médios de remielinização de 3,72±0,25 para oligodendrócitos e 1,04±0,39 para células de Schwann) em comparação aos animais não-tratados (3,13±0,71 e 1,31±0,62, respectivamente), embora os mecanismos pelos quais este efeito positivo da CsA ocorre sejam desconhecidos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Cyclosporine/therapeutic use , Demyelinating Diseases/drug therapy , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Myelin Sheath/drug effects , Nerve Regeneration/drug effects , Oligodendroglia/drug effects , Brain Stem/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Demyelinating Diseases/chemically induced , Demyelinating Diseases/pathology , Ethidium , Myelin Sheath/physiology , Rats, Wistar , Time Factors
3.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 68(5): 783-787, Oct. 2010. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-562809

ABSTRACT

Schwann cells are recognized by their capacity of producing single internodes of myelin around axons of the peripheral nervous system. In the ethidium bromide (EB) model of primary demyelination in the brainstem, it is observed the entry of Schwann cells into the central nervous system in order to contribute to the myelin repair performed by the oligodendrocytes that survived to the EB gliotoxic action, being able to even remyelinate more than one axon at the same time, in a pattern of repair similar to the oligodendroglial one. The present study was developed in the spinal cord to observe if Schwann cells maintained this competence of attending simultaneously different internodes. It was noted that, on the contrary of the brainstem, Schwann cells were the most important myelinogenic cells in the demyelinated site and, although rare, also presented the capacity of producing more than one internode of myelin in distinct axons.


As células de Schwann são reconhecidas por sua capacidade de produzir internodos de mielina únicos ao redor de axônios do sistema nervoso periférico. No modelo de desmielinização primária do brometo de etídio (BE) no tronco encefálico, tem sido observada a entrada destas células no sistema nervoso central. Isso pode contribuir para o reparo mielínico desempenhado pelos oligodendrócitos que sobreviveram à ação glitóxica do BE, chegando a remielinizar mais de um axônio ao mesmo tempo, em um padrão de reparo semelhante ao oligodendroglial. O presente estudo foi realizado na medula espinhal para observar se as células de Schwann mantinham esta competência de atender simultaneamente diferentes internodos. Foi observado que, ao contrário do tronco encefálico, as células de Schwann foram as células mielinogênicas mais importantes no sítio de desmielinização induzida pelo BE e, embora raro, também apresentaram a capacidade de produzir mais de um internodo de mielina em axônios distintos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Myelin Sheath/physiology , Nerve Regeneration/physiology , Oligodendroglia/physiology , Schwann Cells/physiology , Spinal Cord/cytology , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Ethidium/pharmacology , Myelin Sheath/drug effects , Oligodendroglia/drug effects , Rats, Wistar , Schwann Cells/drug effects , Spinal Cord/drug effects , Time Factors
4.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 66(2b): 378-384, jun. 2008. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-486195

ABSTRACT

The ethidium bromide-demyelinating model (EB) was used to study remyelination in the brainstem under the use of cyclosporine (CsA). Wistar rats were submitted to intracisternal injection of 0.1 percent EB or 0.9 percent saline solution, and others were taken as histologic controls (group I). Within those injected with EB, some have not received immunosuppressive treatment (II); some were treated by intraperitonial route with CsA (III.E - 10 mg/kg/day). Rats from group III.C were injected with saline solution and treated with CsA. The animals were perfused from 15 to 31 days post-injection collecting brainstem sections for light and transmission electron microscopy studies. After EB injection it was noted the presence of macrophages and non-degraded myelin debris, demyelinated axons, oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell remyelinated axons, groups of infiltrating pial cells, hypertrophic astrocytes and few lymphocytes. Tissue repair of EB-induced lesions in group III.E was similar to that of group II, but with the presence of a higher density of oligodendrocytes near remyelinating areas.


Empregou-se o modelo desmielinizante do brometo de etídio (BE) com o objetivo de estudar a remielinização no tronco encefálico frente ao uso de ciclosporina (CsA). Foram utilizados ratos Wistar, submetidos à injeção de BE a 0,1 por cento ou de solução salina na cisterna pontina, assim como controles histológicos (grupo I). Dos animais injetados com BE, alguns não receberam tratamento imunossupressor (II); outros foram tratados por via intraperitoneal com CsA (III.E - 10 mg/kg/dia). O grupo III.C incluiu animais injetados com salina e tratados com CsA. Os animais foram perfundidos dos 15 aos 31 dias pós-injeção, com colheita de material do tronco encefálico para estudos de microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão. Após injeção de BE, foram observados macrófagos e restos de mielina não-degradada, axônios desmielinizados ou remielinizados por oligodendrócitos e por células de Schwann, grupos de células piais infiltrantes, astrócitos hipertróficos e poucos linfócitos. O processo de reparo das lesões no grupo III.E apresentou-se similar ao do grupo II, porém com maior densidade de oligodendrócitos próximos às áreas de remielinização.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Brain Stem/drug effects , Cyclosporine/therapeutic use , Demyelinating Diseases/pathology , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Neuroglia/ultrastructure , Brain Stem/cytology , Brain Stem/physiology , Brain Stem/ultrastructure , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Demyelinating Diseases/chemically induced , Demyelinating Diseases/drug therapy , Demyelinating Diseases/physiopathology , Ethidium , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/ultrastructure , Myelin Sheath/drug effects , Myelin Sheath/physiology , Neuroglia/drug effects , Neuroglia/physiology , Oligodendroglia/drug effects , Oligodendroglia/ultrastructure , Rats, Wistar , Schwann Cells/drug effects , Schwann Cells/ultrastructure
5.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 64(2a): 240-244, jun. 2006. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-429691

ABSTRACT

A remielinização do sistema nervoso central após desmielinização tóxica é um processo bem conhecido. No encéfalo, os oligodendrócitos remielinizam uma área maior do que na medula espinhal, onde as células de Schwann são preponderantes. Embora esses fatos sejam bem conhecidos, ainda não se conhece com certeza a origem das células remielinizantes. Esta investigação foi desenhada para esclarecer a participação de oligodendrócitos maduros na reconstrução das bainhas perdidas após a desmielinização induzida por brometo de etídio (BE) no tronco encefálico de ratos Wistar normais e imunossuprimidos com ciclosporina A. Trinta ratos fêmeas adultas foram divididos em três grupos experimentais. No grupo 1, os ratos receberam uma injeção de 10 mL de BE em 0,9% salina (n=10) na cisterna basal; no grupo 2, os ratos receberam a injeção de BE e foram tratados com ciclosporina A (n=10); no grupo 3 os ratos receberam uma injeção de 10 mL de 0,9% salina e foram tratados com ciclosporina A. Os ratos foram sacrificados aos 15, 21 e 31 dias após a injeção. A partir dos 15 dias muitas células da periferia das lesões tiveram marcação positiva para OSP (proteína específica do oligodendrócito), marcador de oligodendrócitos maduros e mielina. Assim, foi possível comprovar que células maduras da linhagem oligodendroglial participam do processo de remielinização neste modelo gliotóxico.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Brain Stem/cytology , Demyelinating Diseases/pathology , Myelin Sheath , Oligodendroglia/cytology , Brain Stem/drug effects , Cyclosporine/pharmacology , Disease Models, Animal , Demyelinating Diseases/chemically induced , Ethidium , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology , Myelin Sheath/drug effects , Myelin Sheath/physiology , Nerve Tissue Proteins/immunology , Oligodendroglia/drug effects , Oligodendroglia/physiology , Rats, Wistar
6.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 39(5): 637-646, May 2006. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-425787

ABSTRACT

Schwann cell disturbance followed by segmental demyelination in the peripheral nervous system occurs in diabetic patients. Since Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte remyelination in the central nervous system is a well-known event in the ethidium bromide (EB) demyelinating model, the aim of this investigation was to determine the behavior of both cell types after local EB injection into the brainstem of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Adult male Wistar rats received a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) and were submitted 10 days later to a single injection of 10 æL 0.1 percent (w/v) EB or 0.9 percent saline solution into the cisterna pontis. Ten microliters of 0.1 percent EB was also injected into non-diabetic rats. The animals were anesthetized and perfused through the heart 7 to 31 days after EB or saline injection and brainstem sections were collected and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. The final balance of myelin repair in diabetic and non-diabetic rats at 31 days was compared using a semi-quantitative method. Diabetic rats presented delayed macrophage activity and lesser remyelination compared to non-diabetic rats. Although oligodendrocytes were the major remyelinating cells in the brainstem, Schwann cells invaded EB-induced lesions, first appearing at 11 days in non-diabetic rats and by 15 days in diabetic rats. Results indicate that short-term streptozotocin-induced diabetes hindered both oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell remyelination (mean remyelination scores of 2.57 ± 0.77 for oligodendrocytes and 0.67 ± 0.5 for Schwann cells) compared to non-diabetic rats (3.27 ± 0.85 and 1.38 ± 0.81, respectively).


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Brain Stem/drug effects , Demyelinating Diseases/physiopathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology , Ethidium/toxicity , Myelin Sheath/drug effects , Oligodendroglia/drug effects , Schwann Cells/drug effects , Brain Stem/ultrastructure , Demyelinating Diseases/chemically induced , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Myelin Sheath/physiology , Nerve Regeneration/physiology , Oligodendroglia/physiology , Oligodendroglia/ultrastructure , Rats, Wistar , Schwann Cells/physiology , Schwann Cells/ultrastructure , Time Factors
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